Barriers in Instructional Technology Integration in Teachers in Social Studies at Jordan Elementary School
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Published:
Feb 27, 2020
Keywords:
Barriers, Female Teachers, Instructional Technology, Social Studies, Elementary School
Main Article Content
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to identify the importance of using Instructional Technology
(IT) in teaching social studies in elementary schools in Jordan. This paper explores the
obstacles faced by female teachers in teaching social lessons in classrooms in Jordan.
Lack of competence to apply technology to teach social lessons in class. is a problem
that occurs among female teachers in Jordan. Those with little experience find it difficult
to apply because of the unavailability of equipment. the results of the discussion of this
paper can teach teachers to integrate technology into the education system, integrate IT
into classrooms and integrate IT in teaching social studies in Jordan elementary schools
to improve the performance of female social studies teachers.
Article Details
How to Cite
Smadi, M. A.-L. M., Mohammad, A. H., & Rahman, F. A. (2020). Barriers in Instructional Technology Integration in Teachers in Social Studies at Jordan Elementary School. Pedagogia : Jurnal Pendidikan, 9(1), 35 - 44. https://doi.org/10.21070/pedagogia.v9i1.124
Section
Elementary Education
Copyright (c) 2020 Mohammad Abed-Latif Mohammad Smadi, Abdul Halim Mohammad, Faizahani Ab Rahman
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
References
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Ahmed, I. (2016). Factors influencing adoption technology of in information communication teaching and learning in secondary schools in Westlands, Kenya.
Al-Ghazo, A. M. (2008). Technology Integration In University Teachers’ Education Programs In Jordan: Comparisons Of Competencies, Attitudes And Perceptions Toward Integrating Technology In The Classroom.
Al-Hamran, M. and Ajlouni, K. (2009). The impact of ICT on the development of creative thinking at discovery school students in Jordan. Journal of Educational and Psychological Sciences 10, 221–244.
Al-Harbi, H. (2014). Towards successful implementation of ICT in education. In The 2014 WEI International Academic Conference Proceedings. 33–45.
Al-Maagbeh, I. F. (2015). The Effectiveness of devising an ICT programe in developing efficiency classroom management of EFL teachers ’ in rural basic schools at Al-Karak directorate - Jordan. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences 5, 120–137.
Al-Madani, F. M. and Allafiajiy, I. A. (2014). Teachers’ Professional Development on ICT Use: A Saudi Sustainable Development Model. Journal of Modern Education Review 4, 448–456. doi: 10.15341/jmer(2155-7993)/06.04.2014/006.
Al-Mujaini, E. Y. (2006). The integration of computer technology in an eighth - grade male social studies classroom in the United Arab Emirates.
Al-Zaidiyeen, N. J., Mei, L. L., and Fook, F. S. (2010). Teachers’ Attitudes and Levels of Technology Use in Classrooms: The Case of Jordan Schools. International Education Studies 3, 211–219. doi: 10.5539/ies.v3n2p211.
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Albugami, S. S. and Ahmed, V. (2015). Towards successful implementation of ICT in Saudi Schools (United Kingdom: University of Salford Manchester).
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Almaghlouth, O. A. D. (2008). Saudi secondary school science teachers’ perceptions of the use of ICT tools to support teaching and learning.
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Bandyopadhyay, A. (2013). Technology integration before student outcomes: Factors Affecting Teacher Adoption of Technology in India.
Bataineh, M. A. and Anderson, S. (2015). Jordanian Social Studies Teachers’ Perceptions of Competency Needed for Implementing Technology in the Classroom. Contemporary Educational Technology 6, 38–61. doi: 10.30935/cedtech/6138.
Baytak, A., Tarman, B., and Ayas, C. (2011). Experiencing technology integration in education : Childrens’ perceptions. International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education 3, 139–151.
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Bingimlas, K. A. (2009). Barriers to the Successful Integration of ICT in Teaching and Learning Environments: A Review of the Literature. EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education 5, 235–245. doi: 10.12973/ejmste/75275.
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Buabeng-Andoh, C. (2012). Factors influencing teachers ’ adoption and integration of Information and Communication Technology into teaching: A review of the literature. International Journal of Education and Development Using Information and Communication Technology 8, 136–155.
Cauley, F. G., Aiken, K. D., and Whitney, L. K. (2009). Technologies Across Our Curriculum: A Study of Technology Integration in the Classroom. Journal of Education for Business 85, 114–118. doi: 10.1080/08832320903258600.
Ç Uluyol and Şahin, S. (2016). Elementary school teachers’ ICT use in the classroom and their motivators for using ICT. British Journal of Educational Technology 47, 65–75.
Çener, E., Ismail Acun, ., and Demirhan, G. (2015). The Impact of ICT on Pupils’Achievement and Attitudes in Social Studies. Journal of Social Studies Education Research 6, 190–207. doi: 10.17499/jsser.67856.
Ciampa, K. and Gallagher, T. L. (2013). Getting in Touch: Use of Mobile Devices in the Elementary Classroom. Computers in the Schools 30, 309–328. doi:10.1080/07380569.2013.846716.
Costley, K. C. (2014). The positive effects of technology on teaching and student learning. educational philosophy and theory.
Dede, C. (2008). Theoretical perspectives influencing the use of information technology in teaching and learning. In International Handbook of Information Technology in Primary and Secondary Education (Springer), 43–62.
Duran, M., Brunvand, S., Ellsworth, J., and Şendağ, S. (2012). Impact of researchbased professional development: investigation of inservice teacher learning and practice in wiki integration. Journal of Research on Technology in Education 44, 313–334.
Dzidonu, C. (2010). An analysis of the role of ICTs to achieving the MDGs.http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/Un-Dpadm/Unpan03907039075.Pdf.
Eristi, S. D., Kurt, A. A., and Dindar, M. (2012). Teachers ’ views about effective use of technology in classrooms. Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry 3, 30–41.
Gasaymeh, A.-M., Al-hasanat, H., Kraishan, O., and Abutayeh, K. (2017). Motivational Factors Affecting the Integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Education by Faculty Members: A Developing Country Perspective. International Journal of Education 9, 168–168. doi: 10.5296/ije.v9i3.11667.
Gulbahar, Y. and Guven, I. (2008). A survey on ict usage and the perceptions of social studies teachers in turkey. Instructional Technologyand Society 11, 37–51.
Hakami, Y. A. A., Hussin, A. R. C., and Dahlan, H. (2013). Critical success factors necessary for curriculum integration of computer based testing into saudi secondary schools. Journal Of Information Systems Research And Innovation 4, 22–30. 41 February 2020 | Volume 9 | Issue 1
Hani, N. A. B. (2014). Benefits and Barriers of Computer Assisted Language Learning and Teaching in the Arab World: Jordan as a Model. doi: 10.4304/tpls.4.8.1609-1615. https://dx.doi.org/10.4304/tpls.4.8.1609-1615.
Heyberi, E. (2013). Integrating Technology in the Curriculum for Enhanced Learning : A Comparative Study in England and North Cyprus.
Hur, J. W. and Suh, S. (2012). Making Learning Active with Interactive Whiteboards, Podcasts, and Digital Storytelling in ELL Classrooms. Computers in the Schools 29, 320–338. doi: 10.1080/07380569.2012.734275.
Inan, F. A. and Lowther, D. L. (2010). Factors affecting technology integration in K12 classrooms: a path model. Educational Technology Research and Development 58, 137–154. doi: 10.1007/s11423-009-9132-y.
Karadeniz, S. and Vatanartiran, S. (2015). A Needs Analysis for Technology Integration Plan: Challenges and Needs of Teachers. Contemporary Educational Technology 6, 206–220. doi: 10.30935/cedtech/6150.
Kaufman, K. (2014). Information Communication Technology: Challenges & some prospects from pre- service education to the classroom. Mid-Atlantic Education Review 2, 1–11.
Kemp, A. T., Preston, J., Page, C. S., Harper, R., Dillard, B., Flynn, J., et al. (2014). Technology and teaching : A conversation among faculty regarding the pros and cons of technology. The Qualitative Report 19, 1–23.
Kimmons, R., Miller, B. G., Amador, J., Desjardins, C. D., and Hall, C. (2015). Technology integration coursework and finding meaning in pre-service teachers’ reflective practice. Educational Technology Research and Development 63, 809–829. doi: 10.1007/s11423-015-9394-5.
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Lee, L. (2012). A learning journey for all”: American elementary teachers’ use of classroom wikis. Journal of Interactive Online Learning 11, 90–102.
Lin, W. C. and Yang, S. C. (2011). Exploring students’ perceptions of integrating wiki technology end peer feedback into english writing courses. English Teaching: Practice and Critique 10, 88–103.
Liu, I. F., Ko, H. W., and Wu, S. Y. (2014). Learning reading strategies with online discussion. Educational Computing Research 50, 231–247.
Liu, S. H., Tsai, H. C., and Huang, Y. T. (2015). Collaborative professional development of mentor teachers and pre-service teachers in relation to technology integration. Instructional Technologyand Society 18, 161–172.
Machado, L. J. and Chung, C.-J. (2015). Integrating Technology:The Principals’ Role and Effect. International Education Studies 8, 43–53. doi: 10.5539/ies.v8n5p43.
Mishra and Koehler, M. J. (2006). Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge: A Framework for Teacher Knowledge. Teachers College Record 108, 1017–1054. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9620.2006.00684.x.
Mohamadkhani, K., Farokhi, E. N., and Farokhi, H. N. (2013). The Effect of Using Audio Files on Improving Listening Comprehension. International Journal of Learning and Development 3, 132–132. doi:10.5296/ijld.v3i1.3187.
Moyer-Packenham, P., Baker, J., Westenskow, A., Anderson, K., Shumway, J., Rodzon, K., et al. (2013). A Study Comparing Virtual Manipulatives with Other Instructional Treatments in Third- and Fourth-Grade Classrooms. Journal of Education 193, 25–39. doi: 10.1177/002205741319300204.
Mulhim, A. and E (2014). The barriers to the Use of ICT in teaching in Saudi Arabia:A review of literature. Universal Journal of Educational Research 2, 487–493.
Mumcu, F. and Usluel, Y. K. (2010). ICT in vocational and technical schools: Teachers’instructional, managerial and personal use matters. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology-TOJET 9, 98–106.
Omwenga, E. and I (2006). Pedagogical issues and e-learning cases : integrating ICTs into teaching and learning process. School of Computing and Informatics,1–11.
Öztürk, C., Yiğit, E. Ö., and Karaduman, H. (2012). Examination of Technology in Turkish Social Studies Curricula. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 64, 85–94. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.11.011.
Pamuk, S., Çakir, R., Ergun, M., Yilmaz, H. B., and Ayas, C. (2013). The use of tablet pc and interactive board from the perspectives of teachers and students: Evaluation of the FATİH Project. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice 13, 1815–1822.
Qablan, A. M., Abuloum, A., and Al-Ruz, J. A. (2009). Effective Integration of ICT in Jordanian Schools: An Analysis of Pedagogical and Contextual Impediments in the Science Classroom. Journal of Science Education and Technology 18, 291–300. doi: 10.1007/s10956-009-9151-9.
Riasati, J., Alllahyar, M., Tan, N., K, and A (2012). Technology in language education: Benefits and barriers. Journal of Education and Practice 3, 25–31.
Roblyer, M. D. and Doering, A. H. (2012). Intergrating instructional technology into teaching (Boston, MA: Pearson).
Sadeghi, B., Rahmany, R., and Doosti, E. (2014). Teachers’ reasons and perceptions for using or not using computer mediated communication tools in their classroom. Journal of Language Teaching and Research 5, 663–673.
Saye, J. W. (2002). The potential of personal technology for empowering democratic decision making. In International Social Studies Forum 2, 191–194.
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Abuseileek, A. and Sa’aleek, A. A. (2012). Computer assisted language learning : Merits and demerits. Language in India 12, 23–36.
Ageel, M. and Woollard, J. (2012). Enhancing university teachers’ Information and Communication Technology usage by using a virtual learning environment training course. In International Technology, Education and Development Conference. 5599–5606.
Ahmed, I. (2016). Factors influencing adoption technology of in information communication teaching and learning in secondary schools in Westlands, Kenya.
Al-Ghazo, A. M. (2008). Technology Integration In University Teachers’ Education Programs In Jordan: Comparisons Of Competencies, Attitudes And Perceptions Toward Integrating Technology In The Classroom.
Al-Hamran, M. and Ajlouni, K. (2009). The impact of ICT on the development of creative thinking at discovery school students in Jordan. Journal of Educational and Psychological Sciences 10, 221–244.
Al-Harbi, H. (2014). Towards successful implementation of ICT in education. In The 2014 WEI International Academic Conference Proceedings. 33–45.
Al-Maagbeh, I. F. (2015). The Effectiveness of devising an ICT programe in developing efficiency classroom management of EFL teachers ’ in rural basic schools at Al-Karak directorate - Jordan. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences 5, 120–137.
Al-Madani, F. M. and Allafiajiy, I. A. (2014). Teachers’ Professional Development on ICT Use: A Saudi Sustainable Development Model. Journal of Modern Education Review 4, 448–456. doi: 10.15341/jmer(2155-7993)/06.04.2014/006.
Al-Mujaini, E. Y. (2006). The integration of computer technology in an eighth - grade male social studies classroom in the United Arab Emirates.
Al-Zaidiyeen, N. J., Mei, L. L., and Fook, F. S. (2010). Teachers’ Attitudes and Levels of Technology Use in Classrooms: The Case of Jordan Schools. International Education Studies 3, 211–219. doi: 10.5539/ies.v3n2p211.
Al-Ziyodi, M. (2012). Role of Information and Communications Technology for the project education development towards knowledge economy (ERFKE) In developing the life skills of the Jordanian public schools’ students. The Arabic Journal for Development and Excellence 3, 83–107.
Albugami, S. S. and Ahmed, V. (2015). Towards successful implementation of ICT in Saudi Schools (United Kingdom: University of Salford Manchester).
Alhashem, F. and Al-jafar, A. (2015). Assessing Teacher’s Integration of Technology and Literacy in Elementary Science Classrooms in Kuwait. Asian Social Science 11, 71–81. doi: 10.5539/ass.v11n18p71.
Almaghlouth, O. A. D. (2008). Saudi secondary school science teachers’ perceptions of the use of ICT tools to support teaching and learning.
Almekhlafi, A. G. and Almeqdadi, F. A. (2010). Teachers ’ perceptions of technology integration in the United Arab Emirates(UAE)school classrooms. Journal of Instructional Technology& Society 13, 165–175.
Anderson, S. E., Groulx, J. G., and Maninger, R. M. (2011). Relationships among Preservice Teachers’ Technology-Related Abilities, Beliefs, and Intentions to Use Technology in Their Future Classrooms. Journal of Educational Computing Research 45, 321–338. doi: 10.2190/ec.45.3.d.
Bakri, A. A. (2013). An Overview of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Jordan: Review the Literature of Usage, Benefits and Barriers. International Journal of Internet and Distributed Systems 01, 9–15. doi:10.4236/ijids.2013.12002.
Bandyopadhyay, A. (2013). Technology integration before student outcomes: Factors Affecting Teacher Adoption of Technology in India.
Bataineh, M. A. and Anderson, S. (2015). Jordanian Social Studies Teachers’ Perceptions of Competency Needed for Implementing Technology in the Classroom. Contemporary Educational Technology 6, 38–61. doi: 10.30935/cedtech/6138.
Baytak, A., Tarman, B., and Ayas, C. (2011). Experiencing technology integration in education : Childrens’ perceptions. International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education 3, 139–151.
Beck, D. and Eno, J. (2012). Signature Pedagogy: A Literature Review of Social Studies and Technology Research. Computers in the Schools 29, 70–94. doi:10.1080/07380569.2012.658347.
Bingimlas, K. A. (2009). Barriers to the Successful Integration of ICT in Teaching and Learning Environments: A Review of the Literature. EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education 5, 235–245. doi: 10.12973/ejmste/75275.
Bolick, C., Berson, M., Coutts, C., and Heinecke, W. (2003). Technology applications in social studies teacher education: A survey of social studies methods faculty. Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education 3, 300–309.
Borup, J., West, R. E., and Graham, C. R. (2012). Improving online social presence through asynchronous video. doi: 10.1016/j.iheduc.2011.11.001. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2011.11.001.
Buabeng-Andoh, C. (2012). Factors influencing teachers ’ adoption and integration of Information and Communication Technology into teaching: A review of the literature. International Journal of Education and Development Using Information and Communication Technology 8, 136–155.
Cauley, F. G., Aiken, K. D., and Whitney, L. K. (2009). Technologies Across Our Curriculum: A Study of Technology Integration in the Classroom. Journal of Education for Business 85, 114–118. doi: 10.1080/08832320903258600.
Ç Uluyol and Şahin, S. (2016). Elementary school teachers’ ICT use in the classroom and their motivators for using ICT. British Journal of Educational Technology 47, 65–75.
Çener, E., Ismail Acun, ., and Demirhan, G. (2015). The Impact of ICT on Pupils’Achievement and Attitudes in Social Studies. Journal of Social Studies Education Research 6, 190–207. doi: 10.17499/jsser.67856.
Ciampa, K. and Gallagher, T. L. (2013). Getting in Touch: Use of Mobile Devices in the Elementary Classroom. Computers in the Schools 30, 309–328. doi:10.1080/07380569.2013.846716.
Costley, K. C. (2014). The positive effects of technology on teaching and student learning. educational philosophy and theory.
Dede, C. (2008). Theoretical perspectives influencing the use of information technology in teaching and learning. In International Handbook of Information Technology in Primary and Secondary Education (Springer), 43–62.
Duran, M., Brunvand, S., Ellsworth, J., and Şendağ, S. (2012). Impact of researchbased professional development: investigation of inservice teacher learning and practice in wiki integration. Journal of Research on Technology in Education 44, 313–334.
Dzidonu, C. (2010). An analysis of the role of ICTs to achieving the MDGs.http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/Un-Dpadm/Unpan03907039075.Pdf.
Eristi, S. D., Kurt, A. A., and Dindar, M. (2012). Teachers ’ views about effective use of technology in classrooms. Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry 3, 30–41.
Gasaymeh, A.-M., Al-hasanat, H., Kraishan, O., and Abutayeh, K. (2017). Motivational Factors Affecting the Integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Education by Faculty Members: A Developing Country Perspective. International Journal of Education 9, 168–168. doi: 10.5296/ije.v9i3.11667.
Gulbahar, Y. and Guven, I. (2008). A survey on ict usage and the perceptions of social studies teachers in turkey. Instructional Technologyand Society 11, 37–51.
Hakami, Y. A. A., Hussin, A. R. C., and Dahlan, H. (2013). Critical success factors necessary for curriculum integration of computer based testing into saudi secondary schools. Journal Of Information Systems Research And Innovation 4, 22–30. 41 February 2020 | Volume 9 | Issue 1
Hani, N. A. B. (2014). Benefits and Barriers of Computer Assisted Language Learning and Teaching in the Arab World: Jordan as a Model. doi: 10.4304/tpls.4.8.1609-1615. https://dx.doi.org/10.4304/tpls.4.8.1609-1615.
Heyberi, E. (2013). Integrating Technology in the Curriculum for Enhanced Learning : A Comparative Study in England and North Cyprus.
Hur, J. W. and Suh, S. (2012). Making Learning Active with Interactive Whiteboards, Podcasts, and Digital Storytelling in ELL Classrooms. Computers in the Schools 29, 320–338. doi: 10.1080/07380569.2012.734275.
Inan, F. A. and Lowther, D. L. (2010). Factors affecting technology integration in K12 classrooms: a path model. Educational Technology Research and Development 58, 137–154. doi: 10.1007/s11423-009-9132-y.
Karadeniz, S. and Vatanartiran, S. (2015). A Needs Analysis for Technology Integration Plan: Challenges and Needs of Teachers. Contemporary Educational Technology 6, 206–220. doi: 10.30935/cedtech/6150.
Kaufman, K. (2014). Information Communication Technology: Challenges & some prospects from pre- service education to the classroom. Mid-Atlantic Education Review 2, 1–11.
Kemp, A. T., Preston, J., Page, C. S., Harper, R., Dillard, B., Flynn, J., et al. (2014). Technology and teaching : A conversation among faculty regarding the pros and cons of technology. The Qualitative Report 19, 1–23.
Kimmons, R., Miller, B. G., Amador, J., Desjardins, C. D., and Hall, C. (2015). Technology integration coursework and finding meaning in pre-service teachers’ reflective practice. Educational Technology Research and Development 63, 809–829. doi: 10.1007/s11423-015-9394-5.
Lee, J. K. (2008). Handbook of Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPCK) for Educators. In The AACTE. committee on innovation and technology (Routledge), 129–144.
Lee, L. (2012). A learning journey for all”: American elementary teachers’ use of classroom wikis. Journal of Interactive Online Learning 11, 90–102.
Lin, W. C. and Yang, S. C. (2011). Exploring students’ perceptions of integrating wiki technology end peer feedback into english writing courses. English Teaching: Practice and Critique 10, 88–103.
Liu, I. F., Ko, H. W., and Wu, S. Y. (2014). Learning reading strategies with online discussion. Educational Computing Research 50, 231–247.
Liu, S. H., Tsai, H. C., and Huang, Y. T. (2015). Collaborative professional development of mentor teachers and pre-service teachers in relation to technology integration. Instructional Technologyand Society 18, 161–172.
Machado, L. J. and Chung, C.-J. (2015). Integrating Technology:The Principals’ Role and Effect. International Education Studies 8, 43–53. doi: 10.5539/ies.v8n5p43.
Mishra and Koehler, M. J. (2006). Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge: A Framework for Teacher Knowledge. Teachers College Record 108, 1017–1054. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9620.2006.00684.x.
Mohamadkhani, K., Farokhi, E. N., and Farokhi, H. N. (2013). The Effect of Using Audio Files on Improving Listening Comprehension. International Journal of Learning and Development 3, 132–132. doi:10.5296/ijld.v3i1.3187.
Moyer-Packenham, P., Baker, J., Westenskow, A., Anderson, K., Shumway, J., Rodzon, K., et al. (2013). A Study Comparing Virtual Manipulatives with Other Instructional Treatments in Third- and Fourth-Grade Classrooms. Journal of Education 193, 25–39. doi: 10.1177/002205741319300204.
Mulhim, A. and E (2014). The barriers to the Use of ICT in teaching in Saudi Arabia:A review of literature. Universal Journal of Educational Research 2, 487–493.
Mumcu, F. and Usluel, Y. K. (2010). ICT in vocational and technical schools: Teachers’instructional, managerial and personal use matters. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology-TOJET 9, 98–106.
Omwenga, E. and I (2006). Pedagogical issues and e-learning cases : integrating ICTs into teaching and learning process. School of Computing and Informatics,1–11.
Öztürk, C., Yiğit, E. Ö., and Karaduman, H. (2012). Examination of Technology in Turkish Social Studies Curricula. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 64, 85–94. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.11.011.
Pamuk, S., Çakir, R., Ergun, M., Yilmaz, H. B., and Ayas, C. (2013). The use of tablet pc and interactive board from the perspectives of teachers and students: Evaluation of the FATİH Project. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice 13, 1815–1822.
Qablan, A. M., Abuloum, A., and Al-Ruz, J. A. (2009). Effective Integration of ICT in Jordanian Schools: An Analysis of Pedagogical and Contextual Impediments in the Science Classroom. Journal of Science Education and Technology 18, 291–300. doi: 10.1007/s10956-009-9151-9.
Riasati, J., Alllahyar, M., Tan, N., K, and A (2012). Technology in language education: Benefits and barriers. Journal of Education and Practice 3, 25–31.
Roblyer, M. D. and Doering, A. H. (2012). Intergrating instructional technology into teaching (Boston, MA: Pearson).
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